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Peptide research, longevity science and regeneration — explained from the studies

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Peptide science, written for people who read the studies

Weight loss peptides, GLP-1 research, peptide dosages, protocols reconstitution guides. Evidence-based articles longevity, recovery metabolic

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Which peptides match my research?

Four questions, then a personalised reading list of the compounds most studied in your area.

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Compound research briefs

One page per compound: class, half-life, mechanism and the documentation to insist on.

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What the studies actually used

Literature-reported ranges, frequencies and study lengths for every compound — with the model and the caveats attached.

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Reconstitution calculator

Concentration, draw volume and syringe units for a reconstituted research vial.

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Research protocols

What the studies actually used — A to Z

Literature-reported ranges, frequencies and study lengths for every compound. Pick a letter to jump straight to a protocol.

Small-molecule NNMT inhibitor

5-Amino-1MQ

5-Amino-1MQ inhibits nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, an enzyme implicated in adipocyte metabolism. The literature is mouse work plus enzyme kinetics; there is no published human study.

Soluble activin receptor type IIB fused to an IgG1 Fc domain (myostatin trap)

ACE-031 · Ramatercept, ActRIIB-Fc

ACE-031 is a decoy receptor that binds myostatin and related ligands before they reach muscle. It reached phase 2 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy before the programme was halted over vascular safety signals — nosebleeds and telangiectasia — giving it an unusually well documented human record for a compound of this type.

Dilute acid diluent for poorly water-soluble peptides

Acetic Acid (dilute, for reconstitution)

Some peptides — IGF-1 analogues most notably — do not dissolve or remain stable in neutral water. Published handling protocols use dilute acetic acid to bring them into solution before further dilution.

Cyclic Semax analogue (cyclo-prolylglycine related)

Adamax

Adamax is sold as a modified, more stable Semax analogue. There is effectively no indexed peer-reviewed literature under this name, and that absence is the single most important thing to know about it.

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Metabolic Research · 8 Sept 2026

Incretin Peptide Research in 2026: Single, Dual and Triple Agonists Compared

An evidence-led 2026 update on how single (GLP1), dual (GLP2) and triple (GLP3) incretin receptor agonists differ mechanistically in preclinical metabolic research.

Incretin biology has moved faster than almost any other area of peptide research over the past three years. What began as a single-receptor question — how does glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation influence glucose handling — has broadened into a comparative pharmacology problem involving at least three receptor systems and a growing family of engineered analogues. In this article we use neutral research code names for the compound classes: GLP1 for single receptor agonists, GLP2 for dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists, and GLP3 for triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon agonists.

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The science is international; the rules are not. These guides explain who regulates research materials in each market, where the research is done, and how local terminology differs.

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Evidence reviews

From the research library

What Is BPC-157? Mechanisms, Evidence and Research Gaps

BPC-157 is a synthetic 15–amino-acid peptide derived from a sequence identified in human gastric juice. It is investigated for tissue repair, angiogenesis and gut barrier function. Almost all published evidence comes from rodent models; controlled human data is very limited, and long-term safety has not been characterised.

What Is TB-500? Thymosin Beta-4 Research Explained

TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4, a naturally occurring actin-sequestering protein involved in cell migration and wound repair. Research has focused on wound healing, corneal injury and cardiac repair. Thymosin beta-4 itself reached early human trials; the TB-500 fragment sold for laboratory use has not.

How GHK-Cu Works: Copper Peptide Research Explained

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) found in human plasma, saliva and urine. Plasma levels fall with age, which prompted research into skin remodelling, wound repair and gene expression. It has the strongest human evidence base of the classic repair peptides, largely from dermatology.

KPV Peptide Research: Anti-Inflammatory Tripeptide Explained

KPV is the C-terminal tripeptide fragment (lysine–proline–valine) of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. It retains much of the parent hormone's anti-inflammatory signalling without its pigmentary effects. Research is concentrated in experimental colitis and dermatitis models; human trials are minimal.

MOTS-c Research: Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Explained

MOTS-c is a 16–amino-acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene — one of the first recognised mitochondrial-derived peptides. Research links it to AMPK activation, metabolic flexibility and exercise adaptation. Nearly all functional data comes from cell and rodent work; human research is observational.

SS-31 (Elamipretide): Cardiolipin-Targeted Peptide Research

SS-31, developed clinically as elamipretide, is a cell-permeable tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds cardiolipin. It is one of the few research peptides with a substantial registered clinical trial programme, most notably in primary mitochondrial myopathy and Barth syndrome, with mixed results.

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Editorial standards

How these articles are written

  • Laboratory, animal and human evidence are reported separately, and the article says plainly where the evidence stops.
  • Every claim links to the published source — PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov or the journal itself.
  • Educational only. Nothing here is medical advice, a protocol or a dosing recommendation.
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Peptide Intel Hub is an independent educational publication. We are not affiliated with, owned by, or the same company as Regena Peptides and Regena.app (regena-peptides.com / regena.app). We do not sell, supply, ship or take payment for any compound. Because readers regularly ask where compounds discussed in published studies can be sourced for laboratory work, we list Regena Peptides and Regena.app as suppliers we have verified and trust — every batch is released with a lot-matched third-party certificate of analysis (HPLC purity and mass-spectrometry identity). Outbound links are marked nofollow/sponsored and are provided to help readers, not to sell.

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